Le prime ” meeting houses “, luoghi d’incontro e di preghiera dei non-conformisti in Galles, erano semplici e piccoli edifici, Ai??costruiti dai membri della congregazione che prima si riunivano in case private. A volte stalle e granai venivano ristrutturati a questo proposito. Comune a tutte, il pulpito centrale, rappresentante la centralitAi?? della predica, della diffusione della parola di Dio.
Queste chiesette diventarono, nel tempo,luoghi in cui, oltre alla preghiera, si discutevano eventi politici, s’imparava a leggere e scrivere, a suonare uno strumento, a cantare. Il canto corale A? una tradizione che ancora continua. Ascoltare un coro di voci maschili gallese dal vivo A? una meravigliosa esperienza.
Ho scelto questo video,non per il miglior coro, ma perchAi?? da un’idea degli interni di centinaia di chiese simili. Si dice che connettendo le panche di tutte le chiese e cappelle gallesi, si puA? circondare l’intero pianeta terra tre volte.
Il censimento del 1851 nota che circa l’80 per cento della popolazione del Galles frequenta una chiesa Non-conformista, moto religioso che influenzerAi?? questa societAi?? nella cultura, politica e religione per secoli a venire.
Chi sono i Dissidenti e Non Conformisti?
I Non Conformisti sono membri di gruppi religiosi Protestanti, i cui predecessori rifiutarono di conformarsi alle pratiche, dottrina e discipline della stabilita Chiesa Anglicana. LaAi??loro storia inizia con le attivitAi?? dei Puritani, che mai accettarono i compromessi fatti, nel sedicesimo secolo, col cosiddetto ‘ Elizabethan Settlement’. Questo vide nascere le prime chiese Indipendenti/Congregazionali e poi Battiste. La prima chiesa Indipendente in Galles fu quella di Llanvaches (1639), la prima Battista quella di Ilston (1649). Gli Indipendenti/Congregazionalisti predicavano l’indipendenza e autonomia di ciascuna congregazione di fedeli.I Battisti, credevano nel sacramento del battesimo, ma solo per adulti e per immersione.
Immagini dei Battisti americani. ChissAi?? Ai??quanti erano emigranti gallesi?
Successivamente nacquero nuove denominazioni, come gli Unitari, che rifiutano la dottrina della TrinitAi??; I Quaccheri ( The religious order of Friends, i cui punti d’aggregazione si chiamano tutt’oggi ‘meeting house’) non osservano i sacramenti del battesimo e comunione. Tutti questi gruppi, conosciuti come i Dissidenti, furono perseguitati negli anni a seguito del restauro della monarchia nel 1660, particolarmente dal 1662 Ai??con l’Atto di UniformitAi??. Ai?? I ranghi dei Non Conformisti gallesi si allargano ancora di piA? nel 1800, grazie ad un movimento evangelista e riformatore all’interno della chiesa anglicana. I Calvinisti Metodidisti si separano dalla ‘ Church of England’ nel 1811. I loro discendenti sono oggi la Chiesa Presbiteriana del Galles. A loro si aggiungono pure i membri della Chiesa Metodista ( seguaci di John Wesley, chiamati, agli albori, Wesleyan Methodist Connexion).
Insomma, come la sinistra italiana, la chiesa gallese si e’ divisa in mille denominazioni e ognuna costruiva il suo luogo d’incontro.
Ecco allora Bethlehem Ai??e Tarsus, le due cappelle situate quasi una opposta all’altra, in una zona di pochissime abitazioni perdute tra valli e boschi.
La storia fu che Bethlehem, costruita nel 1876, si trovA? senza predicatore e mentre se ne aspettava uno dal villaggio vicino, un altro si presentA? dichiarandosi pronto a gestire l’umile Ai??cappella. Ma i saggi fedeli del luogo dissero no. Al che il pretendente rispose:” Allora me ne costruisco una io! “. E cosAi?? fu che nacque Tarsus un anno dopo, nel 1867.
A? una cosa comune in questa terra di metodisti-calvinisti, wesleyani metodisti, battisti, evangelisti, quaccheri, non conformisti, cattolici alternativi ( si, ci sono anche quelli). Molte cappelle sono cadute in disuso o trasformate in stalle o abitazioni. Ma esistono paesini di montagna o grandi centri, dove trovi numerosissime chiese, una a fianco all’altra, con nomi belli come Bethesda, Ainon, Beulah, Ebenezer , Hermon, Libanus, Nero, Noddfa, Zohar.
Le vedi ovunque, coi loro strani nomi, spesso col fronte di pietra ed i lati di legno o zinco o, a volte, costruite di massi possenti e grigi da fedeli arricchitisi con la rivoluzione industriale. Chiese di un Dio severo, rappresentanti la sobrietAi?? e austeritAi?? cosAi?? care a queste genti, che predicavano contro ozio, alcol, cibi raffinati, pizzi e sfarzi: cose inglesi, cose peccaminose, cose da gente di cittAi?? non di pastori, minatori, artigiani sperduti nelle grandi valli. Questa A? una terra di fatica e sudore, di grandi distanze, di roccia e ghiaccio, di carbone nascosto in profondi intestini.
Chi avesse visto il film Ai??” Come era verde la mia valle ” ( la versione degli anni ’40, non l’altrettanto bella Ai??versione RAI degli anni ’70), ricordera’ la scena dei minatori che cantano ” Myfanwy” per Beth malata. Ecco la stessa canzone come lettera d’amore ad una terra martoriata.
Una terra di canto e musica, dove esiste un pianoforte anche nelle case piA? umili, nelle piccole fattorie in collina, nelle case di vecchi che ne hanno viste tante. Ed i cori, le voci maschili che ti fanno rabbrividire e commuovere, che sembrano sollevarsi per i monti ed il Ai??cielo… Il canto A? importante per i gallesi, quanto l’aria che respirano. 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